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GLP-1 trial results in one chart

How much weight people lost in the main trials of semaglutide (Wegovy, Ozempic), tirzepatide (Zepbound, Mounjaro), liraglutide (Saxenda), orforglipron, retatrutide and CagriSema, each against its own placebo, with the number of participants, the length and the source of every figure.

  • Trial drug
  • Placebo in the same trial

Against placebo, trial by trial

Mean weight loss at the end of each trial, as a percentage of starting weight. Every bar uses the same scale, but each trial is compared only with its own placebo. With a mouse, hover over a bar to see its details; every figure is also in the data table further down.

People with obesity or overweight, without diabetes

STEP 1 · Semaglutide68 weeks · without diabetes · Figures from the paper and the EU label · trial summary
STEP 1, without diabetes, 68 weeks: Semaglutide 2.4 mg weekly −14.9%; placebo −2.4%. Semaglutide 2.4 mg weekly in STEP 1 (without diabetes, 68 weeks): −14.9% of starting weight; placebo −2.4%. Difference: −12.4 points (95% CI, −13.4 to −11.5). n = 1,306. −14.9%Placebo in STEP 1 (without diabetes, 68 weeks): −2.4% of starting weight. n = 655. −2.4%0510152025 Semaglutide 2.4 mg weeklyn = 1,306 · −12.4 points vs placeboPlacebon = 655 Mean weight loss, % of starting weight

Counts everyone who was randomized, including people who stopped the drug early. Every group also received advice on diet and physical activity.

STEP 3 · Semaglutide68 weeks · without diabetes · Figures from the paper · trial summary
STEP 3, without diabetes, 68 weeks: Semaglutide 2.4 mg weekly −16.0%; placebo −5.7%. Semaglutide 2.4 mg weekly in STEP 3 (without diabetes, 68 weeks): −16.0% of starting weight; placebo −5.7%. Difference: −10.3 points (95% CI, −12.0 to −8.6). n = 407. −16.0%Placebo in STEP 3 (without diabetes, 68 weeks): −5.7% of starting weight. n = 204. −5.7%0510152025 Semaglutide 2.4 mg weeklyn = 407 · −10.3 points vs placeboPlacebon = 204 Mean weight loss, % of starting weight

Counts everyone who was randomized, including people who stopped the drug early. Every group also received intensive behavioral therapy (30 counseling sessions over the 68 weeks) and a low-calorie diet with meal replacements for the first 8 weeks, a more intensive program than usual in practice; people on placebo lost weight too. These are treatment-policy estimand figures; counting as if everyone had stayed on treatment, the difference was −12.7 points.

STEP 5 · Semaglutide104 weeks · without diabetes · Figures from the paper · trial summary
STEP 5, without diabetes, 104 weeks: Semaglutide 2.4 mg weekly −15.2%; placebo −2.6%. Semaglutide 2.4 mg weekly in STEP 5 (without diabetes, 104 weeks): −15.2% of starting weight; placebo −2.6%. Difference: −12.6 points (95% CI, −15.3 to −9.8). n = 152. −15.2%Placebo in STEP 5 (without diabetes, 104 weeks): −2.6% of starting weight. n = 152. −2.6%0510152025 Semaglutide 2.4 mg weeklyn = 152 · −12.6 points vs placeboPlacebon = 152 Mean weight loss, % of starting weight

Counts everyone who was randomized, including people who stopped the drug early. It lasted two years (104 weeks). Every group also received a lifestyle program; 92.8% of participants completed the trial.

STEP 8 · Semaglutide and liraglutide68 weeks · without diabetes · Figures from the paper · trial summary
STEP 8, without diabetes, 68 weeks: Semaglutide 2.4 mg weekly −15.8%; Liraglutide 3.0 mg daily −6.4%; placebo −1.9%. Semaglutide 2.4 mg weekly in STEP 8 (without diabetes, 68 weeks): −15.8% of starting weight; placebo −1.9%. Difference: −13.9 points (subtraction of the two means; the paper’s abstract does not give the estimated difference). n = 126. −15.8%Liraglutide 3.0 mg daily in STEP 8 (without diabetes, 68 weeks): −6.4% of starting weight; placebo −1.9%. Difference: −4.5 points (subtraction of the two means; the paper’s abstract does not give the estimated difference). n = 127. −6.4%Placebo in STEP 8 (without diabetes, 68 weeks): −1.9% of starting weight. n = 85. −1.9%0510152025 Semaglutide 2.4 mg weeklyn = 126 · −13.9 points vs placebo (subtraction)Liraglutide 3.0 mg dailyn = 127 · −4.5 points vs placebo (subtraction)Placebon = 85 Mean weight loss, % of starting weight

Counts everyone who was randomized, including people who stopped the drug early. Semaglutide and liraglutide were also compared with each other (below, in the head-to-head trials). Each drug had its own placebo group, and the two were analyzed together. The abstract does not give each drug’s difference from placebo, so it is a subtraction of the means.

OASIS 1 · Semaglutide68 weeks · without diabetes · Figures from the paper · trial summary
OASIS 1, without diabetes, 68 weeks: Oral semaglutide 50 mg daily (pill) −15.1%; placebo −2.4%. Oral semaglutide 50 mg daily (pill) in OASIS 1 (without diabetes, 68 weeks): −15.1% of starting weight; placebo −2.4%. Difference: −12.7 points (95% CI, −14.2 to −11.3). n = 334. −15.1%Placebo in OASIS 1 (without diabetes, 68 weeks): −2.4% of starting weight. n = 333. −2.4%0510152025 Oral semaglutide 50 mg daily (pill)n = 334 · −12.7 points vs placeboPlacebon = 333 Mean weight loss, % of starting weight

Counts everyone who was randomized, including people who stopped the drug early. A daily semaglutide pill, not the weekly injection. The 50 mg dose is not the 25 mg dose studied in OASIS 4 (the Wegovy pill’s maintenance dose in the US), and the trial did not compare it with injectable semaglutide. Rybelsus, the diabetes pill, uses lower doses.

OASIS 2 · Semaglutide68 weeks · without diabetes · Figures from the paper · trial summary
OASIS 2, without diabetes, 68 weeks: Oral semaglutide 50 mg daily (pill) −14.3%; placebo −1.3%. Oral semaglutide 50 mg daily (pill) in OASIS 2 (without diabetes, 68 weeks): −14.3% of starting weight; placebo −1.3%. Difference: −13.07 points (95% CI, −15.61 to −10.52). n = 134. −14.3%Placebo in OASIS 2 (without diabetes, 68 weeks): −1.3% of starting weight. n = 67. −1.3%0510152025 Oral semaglutide 50 mg daily (pill)n = 134 · −13.07 points vs placeboPlacebon = 67 Mean weight loss, % of starting weight

Counts everyone who was randomized, including people who stopped the drug early. A daily semaglutide pill, in Japan and South Korea. Unlike the other trials in this group, it did not exclude diabetes: 25.4% of participants had type 2 diabetes. In that subgroup, of 51 people, weight loss was smaller (−10.7% versus −1.5% on placebo). These are treatment-policy estimand figures.

SURMOUNT-1 · Tirzepatide72 weeks · without diabetes · Figures from the paper · trial summary
SURMOUNT-1, without diabetes, 72 weeks: Tirzepatide 5 mg weekly −15.0%; Tirzepatide 10 mg weekly −19.5%; Tirzepatide 15 mg weekly −20.9%; placebo −3.1%. Tirzepatide 5 mg weekly in SURMOUNT-1 (without diabetes, 72 weeks): −15.0% of starting weight (95% CI, −15.9 to −14.2); placebo −3.1%. Difference: −11.9 points (subtraction of the two means; the paper’s abstract does not give the estimated difference). n = 630. −15.0%Tirzepatide 10 mg weekly in SURMOUNT-1 (without diabetes, 72 weeks): −19.5% of starting weight (95% CI, −20.4 to −18.5); placebo −3.1%. Difference: −16.4 points (subtraction of the two means; the paper’s abstract does not give the estimated difference). n = 636. −19.5%Tirzepatide 15 mg weekly in SURMOUNT-1 (without diabetes, 72 weeks): −20.9% of starting weight (95% CI, −21.8 to −19.9); placebo −3.1%. Difference: −17.8 points (subtraction of the two means; the paper’s abstract does not give the estimated difference). n = 630. −20.9%Placebo in SURMOUNT-1 (without diabetes, 72 weeks): −3.1% of starting weight (95% CI, −4.3 to −1.9). n = 643. −3.1%0510152025 Tirzepatide 5 mg weeklyn = 630 · −11.9 points vs placebo (subtraction)Tirzepatide 10 mg weeklyn = 636 · −16.4 points vs placebo (subtraction)Tirzepatide 15 mg weeklyn = 630 · −17.8 points vs placebo (subtraction)Placebon = 643 Mean weight loss, % of starting weight

Counts everyone who was randomized, including people who stopped the drug early. The European label for Mounjaro (the EU brand of tirzepatide, sold for weight management in the US as Zepbound) gives somewhat higher figures (−16.0%, −21.4% and −22.5% versus −2.4%) because it counts only the time each person was taking the drug.

SURMOUNT-3 · Tirzepatide72 weeks · without diabetes · Figures from the paper · trial summary
SURMOUNT-3, without diabetes, 72 weeks: Tirzepatide 10 or 15 mg (maximum tolerated) −18.4%; placebo +2.5%. Tirzepatide 10 or 15 mg (maximum tolerated) in SURMOUNT-3 (without diabetes, 72 weeks): −18.4% of starting weight; placebo +2.5%. Difference: −20.8 points (95% CI, −23.2 to −18.5). n = 287. −18.4%Placebo in SURMOUNT-3 (without diabetes, 72 weeks): +2.5% of starting weight (weight gain). n = 292. +2.5%+50510152025 Tirzepatide 10 or 15 mg (maximum tolerated)n = 287 · −20.8 points vs placeboPlacebon = 292 Mean weight loss, % of starting weight Left of 0: weight gain

Counts everyone who was randomized, including people who stopped the drug early. Before randomization, everyone did a 12-week intensive diet and exercise program, and only those who lost at least 5% of their weight (6.9% on average) continued. The figures are the additional change from randomization: the placebo group regained weight, which is why its bar goes to the left of 0. Counting as if everyone had stayed on treatment, the difference was −24.5 points.

SCALE Obesity and Prediabetes · Liraglutide56 weeks · without diabetes · Figures from the EU label · trial summary
SCALE Obesity and Prediabetes, without diabetes, 56 weeks: Liraglutide 3.0 mg daily −8.0%; placebo −2.6%. Liraglutide 3.0 mg daily in SCALE Obesity and Prediabetes (without diabetes, 56 weeks): −8.0% of starting weight; placebo −2.6%. Difference: −5.4 points (95% CI, −5.8 to −5.0). n = 2,487. −8.0%Placebo in SCALE Obesity and Prediabetes (without diabetes, 56 weeks): −2.6% of starting weight. n = 1,244. −2.6%0510152025 Liraglutide 3.0 mg dailyn = 2,487 · −5.4 points vs placeboPlacebon = 1,244 Mean weight loss, % of starting weight

Counts people who received at least one dose; anyone missing the final measurement is given the last one taken. Of the participants, 61.2% had prediabetes. The paper’s abstract gives −8.4 kg versus −2.8 kg; the percentages are from the European label for Saxenda (table 5).

ATTAIN-1 · Orforglipron72 weeks · without diabetes · Figures from the paper · trial summary
ATTAIN-1, without diabetes, 72 weeks: Orforglipron 6 mg daily (oral) −7.5%; Orforglipron 12 mg daily (oral) −8.4%; Orforglipron 36 mg daily (oral) −11.2%; placebo −2.1%. Orforglipron 6 mg daily (oral) in ATTAIN-1 (without diabetes, 72 weeks): −7.5% of starting weight (95% CI, −8.2 to −6.8); placebo −2.1%. Difference: −5.4 points (subtraction of the two means; the paper’s abstract does not give the estimated difference). n = 723. −7.5%Orforglipron 12 mg daily (oral) in ATTAIN-1 (without diabetes, 72 weeks): −8.4% of starting weight (95% CI, −9.1 to −7.7); placebo −2.1%. Difference: −6.3 points (subtraction of the two means; the paper’s abstract does not give the estimated difference). n = 725. −8.4%Orforglipron 36 mg daily (oral) in ATTAIN-1 (without diabetes, 72 weeks): −11.2% of starting weight (95% CI, −12.0 to −10.4); placebo −2.1%. Difference: −9.1 points (95% CI, −10.1 to −8.1). n = 730. −11.2%Placebo in ATTAIN-1 (without diabetes, 72 weeks): −2.1% of starting weight (95% CI, −2.8 to −1.4). n = 949. −2.1%0510152025 Orforglipron 6 mg daily (oral)n = 723 · −5.4 points vs placebo (subtraction)Orforglipron 12 mg daily (oral)n = 725 · −6.3 points vs placebo (subtraction)Orforglipron 36 mg daily (oral)n = 730 · −9.1 points vs placeboPlacebon = 949 Mean weight loss, % of starting weight

Counts everyone who was randomized, including people who stopped the drug early. A daily pill, sold in the US as Foundayo, whose label converts the trial doses to different tablet strengths. For 6 and 12 mg, the difference from placebo is a subtraction of the means; for 36 mg it is the estimated difference published in the paper.

Retatrutide phase 2 (obesity) · Retatrutide (investigational, not approved)48 weeks · without diabetes · Figures from the paper · trial summary
Retatrutide phase 2 (obesity), without diabetes, 48 weeks: Retatrutide 1 mg weekly −8.7%; Retatrutide 4 mg weekly −17.1%; Retatrutide 8 mg weekly −22.8%; Retatrutide 12 mg weekly −24.2%; placebo −2.1%. Retatrutide 1 mg weekly in Retatrutide phase 2 (obesity) (without diabetes, 48 weeks): −8.7% of starting weight; placebo −2.1%. Difference: −6.6 points (subtraction of the two means; the paper’s abstract does not give the estimated difference). n = 69. −8.7%Retatrutide 4 mg weekly in Retatrutide phase 2 (obesity) (without diabetes, 48 weeks): −17.1% of starting weight; placebo −2.1%. Difference: −15.0 points (subtraction of the two means; the paper’s abstract does not give the estimated difference). n = 67. −17.1%Retatrutide 8 mg weekly in Retatrutide phase 2 (obesity) (without diabetes, 48 weeks): −22.8% of starting weight; placebo −2.1%. Difference: −20.7 points (subtraction of the two means; the paper’s abstract does not give the estimated difference). n = 70. −22.8%Retatrutide 12 mg weekly in Retatrutide phase 2 (obesity) (without diabetes, 48 weeks): −24.2% of starting weight; placebo −2.1%. Difference: −22.1 points (subtraction of the two means; the paper’s abstract does not give the estimated difference). n = 62. −24.2%Placebo in Retatrutide phase 2 (obesity) (without diabetes, 48 weeks): −2.1% of starting weight. n = 70. −2.1%0510152025 Retatrutide 1 mg weeklyn = 69 · −6.6 points vs placebo (subtraction)Retatrutide 4 mg weeklyn = 67 · −15.0 points vs placebo (subtraction)Retatrutide 8 mg weeklyn = 70 · −20.7 points vs placebo (subtraction)Retatrutide 12 mg weeklyn = 62 · −22.1 points vs placebo (subtraction)Placebon = 70 Mean weight loss, % of starting weight

Counts only the time each person was taking the drug. This analysis tends to give somewhat larger losses than the others. A small phase 2 trial (338 people). Its primary outcome was measured at 24 weeks; the chart shows week 48. The 4 mg and 8 mg groups each combine two different starting schedules.

REDEFINE 1 · CagriSema (investigational, not approved)68 weeks · without diabetes · Figures from the paper · trial summary
REDEFINE 1, without diabetes, 68 weeks: CagriSema 2.4/2.4 mg weekly −20.4%; placebo −3.0%. CagriSema 2.4/2.4 mg weekly in REDEFINE 1 (without diabetes, 68 weeks): −20.4% of starting weight; placebo −3.0%. Difference: −17.3 points (95% CI, −18.1 to −16.6). n = 2,108. −20.4%Placebo in REDEFINE 1 (without diabetes, 68 weeks): −3.0% of starting weight. n = 705. −3.0%0510152025 CagriSema 2.4/2.4 mg weeklyn = 2,108 · −17.3 points vs placeboPlacebon = 705 Mean weight loss, % of starting weight

Counts everyone who was randomized, including people who stopped the drug early. CagriSema combines cagrilintide 2.4 mg and semaglutide 2.4 mg in one weekly injection. The trial also had semaglutide-only and cagrilintide-only groups; their results are not in the paper’s abstract, so they are not shown.

People with obesity or overweight and type 2 diabetes

STEP 2 · Semaglutide68 weeks · with type 2 diabetes · Figures from the paper and the EU label · trial summary
STEP 2, with type 2 diabetes, 68 weeks: Semaglutide 2.4 mg weekly −9.6%; placebo −3.4%. Semaglutide 2.4 mg weekly in STEP 2 (with type 2 diabetes, 68 weeks): −9.6% of starting weight; placebo −3.4%. Difference: −6.2 points (95% CI, −7.3 to −5.2). n = 404. −9.6%Placebo in STEP 2 (with type 2 diabetes, 68 weeks): −3.4% of starting weight. n = 403. −3.4%0510152025 Semaglutide 2.4 mg weeklyn = 404 · −6.2 points vs placeboPlacebon = 403 Mean weight loss, % of starting weight

Counts everyone who was randomized, including people who stopped the drug early. A third group received semaglutide 1 mg (a diabetes dose, as in Ozempic); the abstract does not give its percentage, so it is not shown.

SURMOUNT-2 · Tirzepatide72 weeks · with type 2 diabetes · Figures from the paper · trial summary
SURMOUNT-2, with type 2 diabetes, 72 weeks: Tirzepatide 10 mg weekly −12.8%; Tirzepatide 15 mg weekly −14.7%; placebo −3.2%. Tirzepatide 10 mg weekly in SURMOUNT-2 (with type 2 diabetes, 72 weeks): −12.8% of starting weight; placebo −3.2%. Difference: −9.6 points (95% CI, −11.1 to −8.1). n = 312. −12.8%Tirzepatide 15 mg weekly in SURMOUNT-2 (with type 2 diabetes, 72 weeks): −14.7% of starting weight; placebo −3.2%. Difference: −11.6 points (95% CI, −13.0 to −10.1). n = 311. −14.7%Placebo in SURMOUNT-2 (with type 2 diabetes, 72 weeks): −3.2% of starting weight. n = 315. −3.2%0510152025 Tirzepatide 10 mg weeklyn = 312 · −9.6 points vs placeboTirzepatide 15 mg weeklyn = 311 · −11.6 points vs placeboPlacebon = 315 Mean weight loss, % of starting weight

Counts everyone who was randomized, including people who stopped the drug early. The European label for Mounjaro gives −13.4% and −15.7% versus −3.3%, counting only the time on treatment.

ATTAIN-2 · Orforglipron72 weeks · with type 2 diabetes · Figures from the paper · trial summary
ATTAIN-2, with type 2 diabetes, 72 weeks: Orforglipron 6 mg daily (oral) −5.1%; Orforglipron 12 mg daily (oral) −7.0%; Orforglipron 36 mg daily (oral) −9.6%; placebo −2.5%. Orforglipron 6 mg daily (oral) in ATTAIN-2 (with type 2 diabetes, 72 weeks): −5.1% of starting weight; placebo −2.5%. Difference: −2.7 points (95% CI, −3.7 to −1.6). n = 329. −5.1%Orforglipron 12 mg daily (oral) in ATTAIN-2 (with type 2 diabetes, 72 weeks): −7.0% of starting weight; placebo −2.5%. Difference: −4.5 points (95% CI, −5.5 to −3.6). n = 332. −7.0%Orforglipron 36 mg daily (oral) in ATTAIN-2 (with type 2 diabetes, 72 weeks): −9.6% of starting weight; placebo −2.5%. Difference: −7.1 points (95% CI, −8.2 to −6.1). n = 322. −9.6%Placebo in ATTAIN-2 (with type 2 diabetes, 72 weeks): −2.5% of starting weight. n = 630. −2.5%0510152025 Orforglipron 6 mg daily (oral)n = 329 · −2.7 points vs placeboOrforglipron 12 mg daily (oral)n = 332 · −4.5 points vs placeboOrforglipron 36 mg daily (oral)n = 322 · −7.1 points vs placeboPlacebon = 630 Mean weight loss, % of starting weight

Counts everyone who was randomized, including people who stopped the drug early. A daily pill. As in the other type 2 diabetes trials, weight loss was smaller than in people without diabetes, so its figures are not directly comparable with those of ATTAIN-1.

REDEFINE 2 · CagriSema (investigational, not approved)68 weeks · with type 2 diabetes · Figures from the paper · trial summary
REDEFINE 2, with type 2 diabetes, 68 weeks: CagriSema 2.4/2.4 mg weekly −13.7%; placebo −3.4%. CagriSema 2.4/2.4 mg weekly in REDEFINE 2 (with type 2 diabetes, 68 weeks): −13.7% of starting weight; placebo −3.4%. Difference: −10.4 points (95% CI, −11.2 to −9.5). n = 904. −13.7%Placebo in REDEFINE 2 (with type 2 diabetes, 68 weeks): −3.4% of starting weight. n = 302. −3.4%0510152025 CagriSema 2.4/2.4 mg weeklyn = 904 · −10.4 points vs placeboPlacebon = 302 Mean weight loss, % of starting weight

Counts everyone who was randomized, including people who stopped the drug early. CagriSema combines cagrilintide 2.4 mg and semaglutide 2.4 mg in one weekly injection. As in the other type 2 diabetes trials, weight loss was smaller than in people without diabetes.

People with obesity and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, without diabetes

STEP-HFpEF · Semaglutide52 weeks · with heart failure · Figures from the paper · trial summary
STEP-HFpEF, with heart failure, 52 weeks: Semaglutide 2.4 mg weekly −13.3%; placebo −2.6%. Semaglutide 2.4 mg weekly in STEP-HFpEF (with heart failure, 52 weeks): −13.3% of starting weight; placebo −2.6%. Difference: −10.7 points (95% CI, −11.9 to −9.4). n = 263. −13.3%Placebo in STEP-HFpEF (with heart failure, 52 weeks): −2.6% of starting weight. n = 266. −2.6%0510152025 Semaglutide 2.4 mg weeklyn = 263 · −10.7 points vs placeboPlacebon = 266 Mean weight loss, % of starting weight

Counts everyone who was randomized, including people who stopped the drug early. A trial in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, in people with obesity and without diabetes (mean age 68). Weight was one of its two primary outcomes; the other was symptoms. The number of participants per group and how people who stopped the drug were counted come from the trial’s registry record; the paper’s abstract does not give them.

People with MASH (fatty liver with inflammation) and moderate or advanced liver fibrosis

ESSENCE · Semaglutide72 weeks · with MASH · Figures from the paper · trial summary
ESSENCE, with MASH, 72 weeks: Semaglutide 2.4 mg weekly −10.5%; placebo −2.0%. Semaglutide 2.4 mg weekly in ESSENCE (with MASH, 72 weeks): −10.5% of starting weight; placebo −2.0%. Difference: −8.5 points (95% CI, −9.6 to −7.4). n = 534. −10.5%Placebo in ESSENCE (with MASH, 72 weeks): −2.0% of starting weight. n = 266. −2.0%0510152025 Semaglutide 2.4 mg weeklyn = 534 · −8.5 points vs placeboPlacebon = 266 Mean weight loss, % of starting weight

The paper’s abstract does not say how people who stopped the drug were counted. A trial in MASH (metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis, a fatty liver with inflammation) with stage 2 or 3 fibrosis. Its primary outcomes were read on liver biopsy; weight was a secondary result. This is the planned interim analysis at 72 weeks in the first 800 participants; the trial continues to 240 weeks.

Head-to-head trials

Only in these three trials were participants randomly assigned to one of two active drugs, so here the drugs can be compared with each other. Even so, each one answers a different question: SURMOUNT-5 and STEP 8 are obesity trials (STEP 8 also had a placebo group, in its chart above) and SURPASS-2 is a type 2 diabetes trial. SURPASS-3, which compared tirzepatide with insulin degludec in type 2 diabetes, is only in the data table: its abstract gives the weight change in kilograms and as a range across doses, and weight went up on the insulin, which these bars do not draw.

SURMOUNT-5 · Tirzepatide (Zepbound) vs semaglutide (Wegovy)72 weeks · without diabetes · Figures from the paper · trial summary
SURMOUNT-5, without diabetes, 72 weeks: Tirzepatide 10 or 15 mg (maximum tolerated) −20.2%; Semaglutide 1.7 or 2.4 mg (maximum tolerated) −13.7%. Tirzepatide 10 or 15 mg (maximum tolerated) in SURMOUNT-5 (without diabetes, 72 weeks): −20.2% of starting weight (95% CI, −21.4 to −19.1). n = 375. −20.2%Semaglutide 1.7 or 2.4 mg (maximum tolerated) in SURMOUNT-5 (without diabetes, 72 weeks): −13.7% of starting weight (95% CI, −14.9 to −12.6). n = 376. −13.7%0510152025 Tirzepatide 10 or 15 mg (maximum tolerated)n = 375Semaglutide 1.7 or 2.4 mg (maximum tolerated)n = 376 Mean weight loss, % of starting weight

Difference: −6.5 points with tirzepatide vs semaglutide (95% CI, −8.1 to −4.9). The paper’s abstract does not say how people who stopped the drug were counted. Open-label trial: participants and doctors knew which drug each person was getting. The European label for Mounjaro gives −21.6% versus −15.4% (a difference of −6.2 points), counting only the time on treatment.

STEP 8 · Semaglutide (Wegovy) vs liraglutide (Saxenda)68 weeks · without diabetes · Figures from the paper · trial summary
STEP 8, without diabetes, 68 weeks: Semaglutide 2.4 mg weekly −15.8%; Liraglutide 3.0 mg daily −6.4%. Semaglutide 2.4 mg weekly in STEP 8 (without diabetes, 68 weeks): −15.8% of starting weight. n = 126. −15.8%Liraglutide 3.0 mg daily in STEP 8 (without diabetes, 68 weeks): −6.4% of starting weight. n = 127. −6.4%0510152025 Semaglutide 2.4 mg weeklyn = 126Liraglutide 3.0 mg dailyn = 127 Mean weight loss, % of starting weight

Difference: −9.4 points with semaglutide vs liraglutide (95% CI, −12.0 to −6.8). Counts everyone who was randomized, including people who stopped the drug early. The comparison between the two drugs was open-label: participants knew which one they were getting (each was double-blind against its own placebo). People who could not tolerate semaglutide 2.4 mg could continue on 1.7 mg; those who could not tolerate liraglutide 3.0 mg had to stop it. Treatment was stopped by 13.5% on semaglutide and 27.6% on liraglutide.

SURPASS-2 · Tirzepatide (Mounjaro) vs semaglutide 1 mg (Ozempic)40 weeks · with type 2 diabetes · Figures from the paper · trial summary
SURPASS-2, with type 2 diabetes, 40 weeks: weight difference vs semaglutide 1 mg weekly: Tirzepatide 5 mg weekly −1.9 kg; Tirzepatide 10 mg weekly −3.6 kg; Tirzepatide 15 mg weekly −5.5 kg. Tirzepatide 5 mg weekly in SURPASS-2 (with type 2 diabetes, 40 weeks): −1.9 kg vs semaglutide 1 mg weekly. n = 471. −1.9 kgTirzepatide 10 mg weekly in SURPASS-2 (with type 2 diabetes, 40 weeks): −3.6 kg vs semaglutide 1 mg weekly. n = 469. −3.6 kgTirzepatide 15 mg weekly in SURPASS-2 (with type 2 diabetes, 40 weeks): −5.5 kg vs semaglutide 1 mg weekly. n = 470. −5.5 kg0246 Tirzepatide 5 mg weeklyn = 471Tirzepatide 10 mg weeklyn = 469Tirzepatide 15 mg weeklyn = 470 Weight difference vs semaglutide 1 mg, in kg

Each bar is the additional weight loss vs semaglutide 1 mg weekly (n = 469). The paper’s abstract does not say how people who stopped the drug were counted. Open-label diabetes trial: its primary outcome was HbA1c, not weight. Semaglutide was used at 1 mg, a diabetes dose of Ozempic, not the 2.4 mg obesity dose of Wegovy. The abstract gives the difference in kilograms, with no confidence interval or percentages.

Data table

The same figures as the charts. The filters above also apply to the table.

Mean weight change at the end of each trial vs placebo, as a % of starting weight (in SURMOUNT-3, from randomization, after 12 weeks of diet and exercise). 95% CI: 95% confidence interval.
TrialGroupPopulationWeeksnWeight changePlaceboDifference vs placeboSource of the figures
STEP 1Semaglutide 2.4 mg weeklywithout diabetes681,306−14.9%−2.4% (n = 655)−12.4 points95% CI: −13.4 to −11.5Figures from the paper and the EU labeln: trial registry
STEP 3Semaglutide 2.4 mg weeklywithout diabetes68407−16.0%−5.7% (n = 204)−10.3 points95% CI: −12.0 to −8.6Figures from the paper
STEP 5Semaglutide 2.4 mg weeklywithout diabetes104152−15.2%−2.6% (n = 152)−12.6 points95% CI: −15.3 to −9.8Figures from the paper
STEP 8Semaglutide 2.4 mg weeklywithout diabetes68126−15.8%−1.9% (n = 85)−13.9 pointssubtraction of the means, no CIFigures from the paper
STEP 8Liraglutide 3.0 mg dailywithout diabetes68127−6.4%−1.9% (n = 85)−4.5 pointssubtraction of the means, no CIFigures from the paper
OASIS 1Oral semaglutide 50 mg daily (pill)without diabetes68334−15.1%−2.4% (n = 333)−12.7 points95% CI: −14.2 to −11.3Figures from the paper
OASIS 2Oral semaglutide 50 mg daily (pill)without diabetes68134−14.3%−1.3% (n = 67)−13.07 points95% CI: −15.61 to −10.52Figures from the paper
SURMOUNT-1Tirzepatide 5 mg weeklywithout diabetes72630−15.0%95% CI: −15.9 to −14.2−3.1% (n = 643)95% CI: −4.3 to −1.9−11.9 pointssubtraction of the means, no CIFigures from the papern: trial registry
SURMOUNT-1Tirzepatide 10 mg weeklywithout diabetes72636−19.5%95% CI: −20.4 to −18.5−3.1% (n = 643)95% CI: −4.3 to −1.9−16.4 pointssubtraction of the means, no CIFigures from the papern: trial registry
SURMOUNT-1Tirzepatide 15 mg weeklywithout diabetes72630−20.9%95% CI: −21.8 to −19.9−3.1% (n = 643)95% CI: −4.3 to −1.9−17.8 pointssubtraction of the means, no CIFigures from the papern: trial registry
SURMOUNT-3Tirzepatide 10 or 15 mg (maximum tolerated)without diabetes72287−18.4%+2.5% (n = 292)−20.8 points95% CI: −23.2 to −18.5Figures from the paper
SCALE Obesity and PrediabetesLiraglutide 3.0 mg dailywithout diabetes562,487−8.0%−2.6% (n = 1,244)−5.4 points95% CI: −5.8 to −5.0Figures from the EU label
ATTAIN-1Orforglipron 6 mg daily (oral)without diabetes72723−7.5%95% CI: −8.2 to −6.8−2.1% (n = 949)95% CI: −2.8 to −1.4−5.4 pointssubtraction of the means, no CIFigures from the papern: trial registry
ATTAIN-1Orforglipron 12 mg daily (oral)without diabetes72725−8.4%95% CI: −9.1 to −7.7−2.1% (n = 949)95% CI: −2.8 to −1.4−6.3 pointssubtraction of the means, no CIFigures from the papern: trial registry
ATTAIN-1Orforglipron 36 mg daily (oral)without diabetes72730−11.2%95% CI: −12.0 to −10.4−2.1% (n = 949)95% CI: −2.8 to −1.4−9.1 points95% CI: −10.1 to −8.1Figures from the papern: trial registry
Retatrutide phase 2 (obesity)Retatrutide 1 mg weeklywithout diabetes4869−8.7%−2.1% (n = 70)−6.6 pointssubtraction of the means, no CIFigures from the papern: trial registry
Retatrutide phase 2 (obesity)Retatrutide 4 mg weeklywithout diabetes4867−17.1%−2.1% (n = 70)−15.0 pointssubtraction of the means, no CIFigures from the papern: trial registry
Retatrutide phase 2 (obesity)Retatrutide 8 mg weeklywithout diabetes4870−22.8%−2.1% (n = 70)−20.7 pointssubtraction of the means, no CIFigures from the papern: trial registry
Retatrutide phase 2 (obesity)Retatrutide 12 mg weeklywithout diabetes4862−24.2%−2.1% (n = 70)−22.1 pointssubtraction of the means, no CIFigures from the papern: trial registry
REDEFINE 1CagriSema 2.4/2.4 mg weeklywithout diabetes682,108−20.4%−3.0% (n = 705)−17.3 points95% CI: −18.1 to −16.6Figures from the paper
STEP 2Semaglutide 2.4 mg weeklywith type 2 diabetes68404−9.6%−3.4% (n = 403)−6.2 points95% CI: −7.3 to −5.2Figures from the paper and the EU label
SURMOUNT-2Tirzepatide 10 mg weeklywith type 2 diabetes72312−12.8%−3.2% (n = 315)−9.6 points95% CI: −11.1 to −8.1Figures from the paper
SURMOUNT-2Tirzepatide 15 mg weeklywith type 2 diabetes72311−14.7%−3.2% (n = 315)−11.6 points95% CI: −13.0 to −10.1Figures from the paper
ATTAIN-2Orforglipron 6 mg daily (oral)with type 2 diabetes72329−5.1%−2.5% (n = 630)−2.7 points95% CI: −3.7 to −1.6Figures from the paper
ATTAIN-2Orforglipron 12 mg daily (oral)with type 2 diabetes72332−7.0%−2.5% (n = 630)−4.5 points95% CI: −5.5 to −3.6Figures from the paper
ATTAIN-2Orforglipron 36 mg daily (oral)with type 2 diabetes72322−9.6%−2.5% (n = 630)−7.1 points95% CI: −8.2 to −6.1Figures from the paper
REDEFINE 2CagriSema 2.4/2.4 mg weeklywith type 2 diabetes68904−13.7%−3.4% (n = 302)−10.4 points95% CI: −11.2 to −9.5Figures from the paper
STEP-HFpEFSemaglutide 2.4 mg weeklywith heart failure52263−13.3%−2.6% (n = 266)−10.7 points95% CI: −11.9 to −9.4Figures from the papern: trial registry
ESSENCESemaglutide 2.4 mg weeklywith MASH72534−10.5%−2.0% (n = 266)−8.5 points95% CI: −9.6 to −7.4Figures from the paper
Head-to-head trials, no placebo. SURPASS-3 is only in this table: its abstract gives the weight change in kilograms, as a range across doses.
TrialGroupPopulationWeeksnResult
SURMOUNT-5Tirzepatide 10 or 15 mg (maximum tolerated)without diabetes72375−20.2% of starting weight95% CI: −21.4 to −19.1
SURMOUNT-5Semaglutide 1.7 or 2.4 mg (maximum tolerated)without diabetes72376−13.7% of starting weight95% CI: −14.9 to −12.6
STEP 8Semaglutide 2.4 mg weeklywithout diabetes68126−15.8% of starting weight
STEP 8Liraglutide 3.0 mg dailywithout diabetes68127−6.4% of starting weight
SURPASS-2Semaglutide 1 mg weeklywith type 2 diabetes40469Reference group
SURPASS-2Tirzepatide 5 mg weeklywith type 2 diabetes40471−1.9 kg vs semaglutide 1 mg weekly
SURPASS-2Tirzepatide 10 mg weeklywith type 2 diabetes40469−3.6 kg vs semaglutide 1 mg weekly
SURPASS-2Tirzepatide 15 mg weeklywith type 2 diabetes40470−5.5 kg vs semaglutide 1 mg weekly
SURPASS-3Insulin degludec daily (titrated)with type 2 diabetes52360Reference group: +2.3 kg (weight gain)
SURPASS-3Tirzepatide 5, 10 or 15 mg weeklywith type 2 diabetes52358 / 360 / 359−7.5 to −12.9 kg by dose (the abstract does not say which dose gave which end); difference vs insulin degludec daily (titrated): −9.8 to −15.2 kg

SURPASS-3 · Tirzepatide (Mounjaro) vs insulin degludec · trial summary. Counts only the time each person was taking the drug. This analysis tends to give somewhat larger losses than the others. Open-label type 2 diabetes trial: its primary outcome was HbA1c, not weight. The comparator was an insulin, on which weight went up, which widens the difference. The abstract gives the weight change in kilograms and as a range across the three doses, so it is not drawn as bars.

How to read this chart

  • The blue bar is a group’s mean weight loss at the end of the trial, as a percentage of its weight at the start. The gray bar is the placebo group of that same trial: people with the same diet and physical activity advice, but an injection or pill with no drug in it.
  • “Vs placebo” is the difference between the two bars, in percentage points. It is the figure that best separates the drug’s effect from what people lose with lifestyle changes alone. When the paper’s abstract does not publish it, we show the subtraction of the two means and mark it “subtraction”: it is an approximation and has no confidence interval.
  • 95% CI (95% confidence interval) is the range within which the true value very likely lies. The narrower it is, the more precise the figure; trials with few people have wider ranges.
  • These are averages. Within each group, some people lost much more than the average and others barely lost weight. The guide on how much weight you can lose on a GLP-1 explains how many people reached 5, 10 or 15% in each trial.
  • Why not compare bars from different trials. The trials lasted between 40 and 104 weeks, enrolled different people and counted those who stopped treatment differently: some count every participant and others only the time people were taking the drug, which gives larger figures. For example, the retatrutide trial is a phase 2 trial, with 338 people and that second kind of analysis, and SURMOUNT-3 only included people who had already lost weight with 12 weeks of diet and exercise. Each chart says underneath how that trial counted.
  • Type 2 diabetes. In the trials on this page, with the same drug, groups with type 2 diabetes lost less weight than groups without diabetes. That is why the populations are shown separately; STEP-HFpEF, in people with heart failure, and ESSENCE, in people with MASH (fatty liver with inflammation), have groups of their own. OASIS 2 is shown with the trials without diabetes, but it did not exclude it: 25.4% of its participants had type 2 diabetes, as its note explains.
  • Where the figures come from. “Figures from the paper” are those of the published paper, checked against its PubMed abstract. “From the paper and the EU label” means the European label (the EU Summary of Product Characteristics) gives the same ones. “Figures from the EU label” is used only for SCALE, whose abstract gives the loss in kilograms. The European label for Mounjaro gives somewhat higher figures than the papers because it counts only the time on treatment; we say so in each case.
  • Brand names in the US. Semaglutide 2.4 mg weekly is Wegovy, which also comes as a daily pill; Ozempic is semaglutide for type 2 diabetes, at lower doses (SURPASS-2 used 1 mg), and Rybelsus is the diabetes pill. Tirzepatide is Zepbound for weight management and Mounjaro for diabetes; in Europe, Mounjaro covers both. Liraglutide 3.0 mg is Saxenda, and orforglipron is sold as Foundayo. Retatrutide and CagriSema are still investigational and not approved. How the two most used compare is in Ozempic vs Mounjaro.
  • What the chart does not tell you. It is not a way to choose a drug or a dose: that depends on each person, their other conditions and how they tolerate treatment, and it is decided with a doctor. It does not show side effects or what happens when the drug is stopped either; for that, see what happens when you stop a GLP-1 and the study summaries.

What is included and how it was made

  • What is in. Randomized trials with a placebo group that measured weight change, published and already reviewed in our study database. In most of them weight was the primary outcome; in STEP-HFpEF it shared that role with symptoms, and in ESSENCE, a liver trial, it was a secondary result. The chart shows the result at the end of each trial’s treatment period (for ESSENCE, the 72-week interim analysis).
  • Where each figure comes from. From each trial’s paper (abstract on PubMed) or, where stated, from section 5.1 of the European label. Group sizes the abstract does not give come from the results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov. We have not calculated or estimated any figure, except the subtractions marked as such. All of them were checked on .
  • What is left out. Semaglutide 7.2 mg (the STEP UP trials), because its trial is not yet in our database of reviewed studies. The semaglutide 1 mg group of STEP 2 and the semaglutide-only and cagrilintide-only groups of REDEFINE 1, because the paper’s abstract does not give their result. Diabetes trials whose goal was blood sugar (such as ACHIEVE-1, with orforglipron) and withdrawal trials (STEP 4, SURMOUNT-4), which measure something else: what happens when people continue or stop the drug after losing weight. The clinical-outcome trials SUMMIT (tirzepatide in heart failure) and FLOW (semaglutide in chronic kidney disease with type 2 diabetes) are not included either: their primary outcomes were clinical events and symptoms (cardiovascular death or worsening heart failure in SUMMIT; serious kidney decline or kidney or cardiovascular death in FLOW), not weight, and their abstracts do not give the weight change.
  • Scale. Every percentage bar runs from 0 to 25%, so the same length means the same thing in every chart. In SURMOUNT-3 the placebo group gained weight, and its bar goes to the left of 0, on the same scale. The SURPASS-2 chart is in kilograms, because its abstract gives the difference in kilograms. SURPASS-3 is only in the table: its abstract gives the weight change in kilograms as a range across its three doses, without saying which dose gave which end, and weight went up on the comparator insulin.

Last reviewed: .

Further reading

Sources

Each trial’s paper, the ClinicalTrials.gov records used for the number of participants per group, and the labels consulted, with the access date.

  1. Clinical trialNew England Journal of Medicine.Wilding JPH, et al. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(11):989-1002.accessed .
  2. Clinical trialNational Library of Medicine (PubMed).STEP 1: PubMed record PMID 33567185 (abstract).accessed .
  3. Clinical trialJAMA.Wadden TA, et al. Effect of Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Placebo as an Adjunct to Intensive Behavioral Therapy on Body Weight in Adults With Overweight or Obesity: The STEP 3 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2021;325(14):1403-1413.accessed .
  4. Clinical trialNational Library of Medicine (PubMed).STEP 3: PubMed record PMID 33625476 (abstract).accessed .
  5. Clinical trialNature Medicine.Garvey WT, et al. Two-year effects of semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity: the STEP 5 trial. Nat Med. 2022;28(10):2083-2091.accessed .
  6. Clinical trialNational Library of Medicine (PubMed).STEP 5: PubMed record PMID 36216945 (abstract).accessed .
  7. Clinical trialJAMA.Rubino DM, et al. Effect of Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Daily Liraglutide on Body Weight in Adults With Overweight or Obesity Without Diabetes: The STEP 8 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2022;327(2):138-150.accessed .
  8. Clinical trialNational Library of Medicine (PubMed).STEP 8: PubMed record PMID 35015037 (abstract).accessed .
  9. Clinical trialThe Lancet.Knop FK, et al. Oral semaglutide 50 mg taken once per day in adults with overweight or obesity (OASIS 1): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2023;402(10403):705-719.accessed .
  10. Clinical trialNational Library of Medicine (PubMed).OASIS 1: PubMed record PMID 37385278 (abstract).accessed .
  11. Clinical trialJAMA Internal Medicine.Kadowaki T, et al. Oral Semaglutide in an East Asian Population With Overweight or Obesity, With or Without Type 2 Diabetes: The OASIS 2 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2025;185(10):1206-1217.accessed .
  12. Clinical trialNational Library of Medicine (PubMed).OASIS 2: PubMed record PMID 40758358 (abstract).accessed .
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  14. Clinical trialNational Library of Medicine (PubMed).SURMOUNT-1: PubMed record PMID 35658024 (abstract).accessed .
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  18. Clinical trialNational Library of Medicine (PubMed).SCALE Obesity and Prediabetes: PubMed record PMID 26132939 (abstract).accessed .
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  20. Clinical trialNational Library of Medicine (PubMed).ATTAIN-1: PubMed record PMID 40960239 (abstract).accessed .
  21. Clinical trialNew England Journal of Medicine.Jastreboff AM, et al. Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity - A Phase 2 Trial. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(6):514-526.accessed .
  22. Clinical trialNational Library of Medicine (PubMed).Retatrutide phase 2 (obesity): PubMed record PMID 37366315 (abstract).accessed .
  23. Clinical trialNew England Journal of Medicine.Garvey WT, et al. Coadministered Cagrilintide and Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2025;393(7):635-647.accessed .
  24. Clinical trialNational Library of Medicine (PubMed).REDEFINE 1: PubMed record PMID 40544433 (abstract).accessed .
  25. Clinical trialThe Lancet.Davies M, et al. Semaglutide 2·4 mg once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, and type 2 diabetes (STEP 2). Lancet. 2021;397(10278):971-984.accessed .
  26. Clinical trialNational Library of Medicine (PubMed).STEP 2: PubMed record PMID 33667417 (abstract).accessed .
  27. Clinical trialThe Lancet.Garvey WT, et al. Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity in people with type 2 diabetes (SURMOUNT-2). Lancet. 2023;402(10402):613-626.accessed .
  28. Clinical trialNational Library of Medicine (PubMed).SURMOUNT-2: PubMed record PMID 37385275 (abstract).accessed .
  29. Clinical trialThe Lancet.Horn DB, et al. Orforglipron, an oral small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist, for the treatment of obesity in people with type 2 diabetes (ATTAIN-2): a phase 3, double-blind, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2025;406(10522):2927-2944.accessed .
  30. Clinical trialNational Library of Medicine (PubMed).ATTAIN-2: PubMed record PMID 41275875 (abstract).accessed .
  31. Clinical trialNew England Journal of Medicine.Davies MJ, et al. Cagrilintide-Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2025;393(7):648-659.accessed .
  32. Clinical trialNational Library of Medicine (PubMed).REDEFINE 2: PubMed record PMID 40544432 (abstract).accessed .
  33. Clinical trialNew England Journal of Medicine.Kosiborod MN, et al. Semaglutide in Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(12):1069-1084.accessed .
  34. Clinical trialNational Library of Medicine (PubMed).STEP-HFpEF: PubMed record PMID 37622681 (abstract).accessed .
  35. Clinical trialNew England Journal of Medicine.Sanyal AJ, et al. Phase 3 Trial of Semaglutide in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med. 2025;392(21):2089-2099.accessed .
  36. Clinical trialNational Library of Medicine (PubMed).ESSENCE: PubMed record PMID 40305708 (abstract).accessed .
  37. Clinical trialNew England Journal of Medicine.Aronne LJ, et al. Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2025;393(1):26-36.accessed .
  38. Clinical trialNational Library of Medicine (PubMed).SURMOUNT-5: PubMed record PMID 40353578 (abstract).accessed .
  39. Clinical trialNew England Journal of Medicine.Frías JP, et al. Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(6):503-515.accessed .
  40. Clinical trialNational Library of Medicine (PubMed).SURPASS-2: PubMed record PMID 34170647 (abstract).accessed .
  41. Clinical trialThe Lancet.Ludvik B, et al. Once-weekly tirzepatide versus once-daily insulin degludec as add-on to metformin with or without SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-3): a randomised, open-label, parallel-group, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2021;398(10300):583-598.accessed .
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  47. Official databaseClinicalTrials.gov (National Library of Medicine).STEP-HFpEF (NCT04788511): results on the registry, participants per group.accessed .
  48. Official databaseClinicalTrials.gov (National Library of Medicine).SURMOUNT-5 (NCT05822830): results on the registry, participants per group.accessed .
  49. Official databaseClinicalTrials.gov (National Library of Medicine).SURPASS-2 (NCT03987919): results on the registry, participants per group.accessed .
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  51. Drug labelAgencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios.Saxenda: EU Summary of Product Characteristics (CIMA, in Spanish), section 5.1, table 5 (trial 1, SCALE Obesity and Prediabetes).accessed .
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